Adaptive immunity in the host–microbiota dialog

Adaptive immunity.

The innate immune system provides critical mechanisms for the rapid sensing and elimination of pathogens. Adaptive immunity has evolved to provide a broader and more finely tuned repertoire of recognition for both self- and nonself-antigens. Adaptive immunity involves a tightly regulated interplay between antigen-presenting cells and T and B lymphocytes, which facilitate pathogen-specific immun...

Protocol-Independent Adaptive Replay of Application Dialog

For many applications—including recognizing malware variants, determining the range of system versions vulnerable to a given attack, testing defense mechanisms, and filtering multi-step attacks—it can be highly useful to mimic an existing system while interacting with a live host on the network. We present RolePlayer, a system which, given examples of an application session, can mimic both the ...

Alternative Adaptive Immunity in Jawless

HBV-Specific Adaptive Immunity

The successful control of HBV infection requires an efficient expansion of distinct elements of the adaptive immune system (B cells, helper and cytotoxic T cells) that, due to the hepatotropic nature of HBV, need to operate in the liver parenchyma. In this respect, we will discuss broad features of HBV immunity in patients with resolved or chronic HBV infection and analyze how the liver environ...

Adjuvants of Immunity: Harnessing Innate Immunity to Promote Adaptive Immunity

Since Jules Freund reported that crude mycobacterial extracts greatly promoted immune responses to antigens (1), the use of adjuvants has become a widespread, but poorly understood practice to promote T and B cell responses (2). Recent studies have begun to identify the chemical nature of several adjuvants and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of their long-elusive immunologi-cal effects. F...